Histoires naturelles. Jules Renard, illustrated by Henri de Toulouse Lautrec
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2qDDHjriQvk
Ashmolean Museum
French painter Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was born #onthisday in 1864. Along with his paintings, he was known for his prints, illustrations and caricatures which brought to life the vibrant and decadent affairs of France in the late 19th century. Toulouse-Lautrec was amongst the best known artists of the Post-Impressionist period, along with Cezanne, Van Gogh and Gauguin.
La toilette (Celle qui se peigne), Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, 1891. Oil on board. See it on display in the Pissarro Gallery (65) on the third floor.
描繪巴黎紅磨坊浮世印象的法國畫家羅特列克 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
http://tul.blog.ntu.edu.tw/archives/14013
*****
羅特列克
Toulouse-Lautrec
- 原文作者： Bernard Denvir 1992 Thames &Hudson
- 譯者： 張心龍
- 編者： 曾淑正
- 出版社：遠流 1995
本書揭開羅特列克的神祕面貌，從他的貴族階級背景、教育與藝術的修養、性格及身體缺陷等方面，探索其人其畫的內在靈魂。羅特列克的畫作大都取材自他的生活場域──劇院、酒吧、咖啡館和妓院；在淋漓盡致表現這些小人物的同時，他也充分揮灑了自己豐富而深刻的生命力。義大利導演費里尼曾說：「我一直覺得，羅特列克似乎是我的兄弟和朋友。這可能是因為他在盧米埃兄弟之前便已預示了電影的視覺技巧，可能是因為他常常站在被社會輕視、遺棄者的一方。每當我看到羅特列克的油畫、海報或版畫時，總是深為感動。我永遠忘不了他。」這也許為羅特列克作了最好的註解。
*****
羅特列克(XB0033)──浮世剪影
Toulouse-Lautrec : Les Lumieres De La Nuit
類別： 藝術‧攝影‧影視>繪畫、書法
叢書系列：發現之旅 作者：Claire Freches , Jose Freches Claire Freches , Jose Freches 譯者：馬振騁 出版社：時報文化 出版日期：1996年 |
▼ 書摘
「他的體質非常羸弱，僅隔一年，只輕輕跌了幾跤，兩條腿便先後骨折。」阿爾方斯（Alphonse）伯爵寫道，所說的「他」，是指兒子亨利．德．土魯斯－羅特利克。亨利出身法國南部，一個說中世紀語言奧克語（oc）的貴族世家，自幼熱愛繪畫。父親提到的那幾樁事故，影響了亨利的童年和成長。
第一章 塗塗抹抹，才華初顯 阿爾比聖塞西爾大教堂（Cathedrale Sainte－Cecile d"Albi）的蔭影下 博斯克（Bose）府第，座落在離紅磚大教堂幾步路遠的地方。1864年11月24日，亨利．馬利．雷蒙．德．土魯斯—羅特列克－蒙法（Henri Marie Raymond de Toulouse－Lautrec－Monfa）出生在這幢房子裡。父親是阿爾方斯．德．土魯斯－羅特列克，母親是阿黛爾（Adele）伯爵夫人，娘家姓塔比埃．德．塞萊朗（Tapie de Celeyran）。父母原是表兄妹。羅特列克和塔比埃兩家有過多次聯姻，根據某些醫學上的推測，亨利這孩子生來體弱多病，身罹殘疾，可能與近親結婚有關。亨利家是法國西南著名的土魯斯伯爵的直系後裔，這個家族從750年到1271年間統治阿爾比地區。家族的一位祖先博杜安（Baudouin）伯爵，1196年娶了德．羅特列克女爵暨蒙法領邑的女繼承人阿麗克斯（Alix）為妻。從這時起，羅特列克和蒙法，就跟土魯斯家族的姓氏聯結在一起了。 羅特列克家族家境富裕，生活優閑。亨利自幼深受殘疾之苦，始終與父親互不理解，關係疏遠。父親酷愛狩獵馴鷹，性情孤僻古怪。他居留巴黎期間，住在一間畫室內，偶爾也雕塑和素描。1876年，亨利12歲，父親送他一本馴鷹小冊子，上面題有：「兒啊，你要記住，曠野生活才是唯一有益身心的生活，任何東西凡是被剝奪了自由都會變質，很快消亡。【……】這冊子教你珍惜曠野生活，當你有天嘗到生活的苦楚，馬、狗和鷹可成為你的親密伴侶，讓你忘掉不快。」 骨折 運動、狩獵、騎馬及野外生活，亨利永遠無緣嘗試和體驗了。1878年5月30日，他從博斯克府廳內的椅子上摔下來，跌斷了左腿。十四歲時，個子看起來卻像十歲。 此後，他成了跛子，逐漸遭父親嫌棄。接下來的少年歲月，他在老家莊園（博斯克府和塞萊朗城堡）、阿梅利（Amelie－les－Bains）、拉馬魯（Lamalou）或巴萊杰（Bareges）的溫泉療養院度過。1879年夏天，他在巴萊杰又跌斷了右腿。 母親阿黛爾心思細膩，知道兒子將來會當畫家。阿黛爾持重有教養，學過拉丁文和希臘文。她不放心亨利畫畫，但未阻礙他發揮這才能，還資助他一生。 亨利和母親非常親近，跟她長期通信，由信中可看出兩人的默契佳，關係很親密。他早期有一幅重要作品，可能完成於1881年，畫的就是阿黛爾伯爵夫人坐在餐廳裡，面前放著一杯茶。羅特列克採用非常明亮的色彩，筆觸生動，畫風類似法國畫家馬內（Edouard Manet） 或莫里佐（Berthe Morisot）。其實，他還沒有學過畫畫。 早熟的志向 亨利從小就愛畫素描。他塗滿了幾本小學生的練習冊，如《塗鴉簿──獻給瑪德萊娜表妹，讓她上完韋涅埃特先生的課後作為消遣》（1881年尼斯）。他還為以神父為主題的《寶貝兒》一書，畫了23張羽筆素描，這部作品已顯露出他的漫畫才能。另外還有一本附插圖的故事書，內有幾張速寫，表現一家溫泉療養院的生活。殘疾迫使他在這家療養院度過大部分時光。 1881年春，他參加巴黎全國中學畢業會考失敗，11月在土魯斯重考才通過。不久他又上巴黎，把素描帶給普林斯多（Rene Princeteau）看。普林斯多是阿爾方斯伯爵的朋友，既聾又啞，擅畫馬匹和風俗場景。 普林斯多在聖奧諾萊市郊街（Faubourg－SaintHonore）233號的一家畫室工作，那裡可以遇到擅畫賽馬場和市洛涅（Boulogne）森林風景的畫家，如法國畫家佛倫（Jean Louis Forain）。儘管父親的態度非常勉強，但是得到了夏爾（Charles）叔叔的支持，羅特列克決心追求藝術。普林斯多把他介紹給法國畫家博納（Leon Bonnat）。1882年3月，他投入博納門下，學習繪畫和素描，使用當時美術學生的標準課本。 博納畫室之後，進入科爾蒙畫室 博納與另兩位法國畫家杰羅姆（Jean Leon Gerome）和牟侯（Gustave Moreau）開設的畫室，當時聲譽卓著。在這兩個畫室執教的，是戴上各種桂冠的大師，來聽課的學生，則個個夢想榮膺沙龍金獎或羅馬大獎。羅特列克想跟法國肖像畫家卡洛呂－杜蘭（Carolus Duran）學，但是普林斯多屬意他向得到共和國榮譽勳章的博納大師學習。博納代表了羅特列克日後憎恨的一切，而羅特列克死後，博納千方百計阻撓，不讓他的作品納入國家收藏……，博納的批評向來不留情面，他對這位學生說：「你畫得不錯，技巧嫻熟，大體來說不錯，但你的素描不堪人目。」 那年年底，博納受聘為美術學院教授，關閉了畫室。科爾蒙（Femand Cormon）應博納的學生要求，在克里希（Clichy）大道104號開了一家畫室，亨利轉到那兒學習。科爾蒙那時是知名的歷史畫家，擅畫《聖經》故事和原始社會場景。他的巨作《該隱攜家潛逃》，掛在慮森堡博物館內的絕佳位置上。在科爾蒙畫室，羅特列克常來往的朋友，是年輕的法國畫家貝爾納（Emile Bernard），以及在博納畫室認識的土魯斯藝術家戈吉（Francois Gauzi）。戈吉在1954年出版的回憶錄《羅特列克和他的時代》中，花了不少篇幅描寫羅特列克，他的見證是研究羅特列克的主要資料。 1882到1885年，羅特列克的畫風成熟，執意創新技法。上午，他待在科爾蒙畫室，下午則出入沙龍和展覽會，漸漸瞭解到兩種藝術間存在著鴻溝：一個是以博納、科爾蒙、杰羅姆、卡洛呂－杜蘭，以及法國雕刻家洛朗斯（Henri Laurens）為代表的官方藝術；另一個是以印象派為主力的新興藝術。 1874年，印象派畫家在法國攝影家那達爾（Nadar）的工作室開第一次畫展，主張並推動一種新藝術潮流。那時，羅特列克也選擇了現代派。 臨摹夏瓦納（Puvis de Chavannes） 的戲謔之作 1884年，夏瓦納在沙龍展出《藝術與繆斯的神仙林》。這幅作品長4．6公尺，寬1公尺，引起熱烈評論。 羅特列克花了兩個下午，臨摹夏瓦納的作品，內容略有改動，猶如音樂的滑稽模仿作。那時，德裔法國作曲家奧芬巴赫（Jacques Bach）的滑稽歌劇中常有這樣的處理。羅特列克強調模特兒的靜態，使用大塊而均勻的顏色。他的作品與原作有下列不同之處：抹去了辯才繆斯和歷史繆斯，白浪子代替悲劇繆斯；浪子面對畫架坐著；畫架上放著德國畫家馬克（August Macke）和法國畫家梅森尼葉（Ernest Meissonnier）的畫，都有署名。畫面上添加了現代人物，還暗示自己也在其中，甚至有一個日本人！羅特列克表現出自己是怎麼樣一個人：他承襲夏瓦納畫中好的一面，但是加上一種破壞性的幽默感，增添了原作與「改編」之間的距離感。 同時，羅特列克跟科爾蒙畫室的一位同學格勒尼埃（Rene Grenier），一同遷到封丹路19號B；法國畫家竇加（Edgar Degas）也在這條街上開了一間畫室。兩人比鄰，正好說明竇加這位專畫跳舞女郎的畫家，在取材和取景方面對羅特列克的影響。比如說，竇加取材自費南多（Fernando）馬戲團，創作了著名的《洛拉小姐》，畫中她用牙齒咬住高懸空中的吊環；羅特列克則畫該馬戲團裡的女騎師。日本的版畫技術、飄逸的線條所創造的縱深感，以及近景人物的特殊取景角度等方法，竇加用來得心應手，而在羅特列克筆下也很引人注目。 羅特列克崇拜竇加。他在表親迪歐（Dihau）家族裡，看到竇加的《歌劇院的樂隊》，深受啟發。竇加也不由有點惱怒：「他穿上我的衣服，但尺寸是照自己的身材做的。」 志同道合的朋友，謙虛的藝術態度那時，羅特列克和拉索（Henri Rachou）、格勒尼埃、阿爾貝（Adolphe Albert）、戈吉和昂克坦（Louis Anquetin）等畫家，組成一個朋友會。他開始發現巴黎這個大熔爐的樂趣和誘惑，發現了從大馬路到北部蒙馬特（Montmartre）區之間，燈紅酒綠的娛樂區。他以極為謙虛的態度看待自己的藝術，執著地跟科爾蒙學了六年。儘管他曾說科爾蒙是「巴黎最醜最瘦的人」。羅特列克很謹慎地為了封信給祖母說：「我決不是在更新法國藝術。我是在一張可憐的白紙上折騰，這張紙對我無所表示，還請相信，我在上面也描不出什麼像樣的東西。」 這可以說是羅特列克為人謙遜，也可說他徹悟。他與西班牙畫家畢卡索（Pablo Picasso）相反：畢卡索汲汲於追求歷史或美學方向，羅特列克只單純地把親眼目睹的現實作淺近的介紹。這種不批評自己作品的態度，可看成是極端媚俗，也可認為是目空一切。 1885年秋天，他搬去拉索家住，拉索的房子就在蒙馬特公墓後面。他找到了自己的中心位置，從此以後，他一心繪畫。 |
****Welcome to the Moulin Rouge. Not the hyper, adult-attention-deficit-
Lautrec devoted a majority of his time to painting both seedy and serene aspects of French nightlife, capturing moments of decadent exuberance as well as quiet solitude.
Though his work makes up the bulk of the exhibit, that doesn't mean Lautrec was the quintessential chronicler of Parisian dance halls, nightclubs and brothels that made up the belle epoque period of French life in the late 19th century.
"Lautrec captured what it felt like to be in the dance halls and nightclubs as opposed to what Montmarte looked like," says curator Douglas Druick. "You don't get a sense of the excitement of the era looking at a photograph, but you do when looking at his works."
"What's fabulous about Lautrec is he observed and interpreted it, so we're seeing it through this particular person's eyes," adds Mary Weaver Chapin, a co-author of the catalog accompanying the exhibit, and a former Andrew W. Mellon curatorial fellow at the Art Institute. "He is not just a chronicler of the scene."
Nor was he the only one on the scene. Though Lautrec is perhaps the most familiar artist to draw subject matter from both the highbrow and lowbrow places of entertainment in and around Montmartre, he was joined by the likes of Theophile-Alexandre Steinlen, Vincent van Gogh, Pablo Picasso and several other artists who flocked to the neighborhood north of the city center of Paris between 1885 and 1904.
"All around the rest of Paris, sections of the city were being razed so the wide boulevards we've come to know could be put in," Chapin says. "Montmartre was untouched, and remained a low-rent district popular with anarchists, Communards, students and artists."
And it was probably the last place you'd expect to find someone of Lautrec's class.
A privileged upbringing
Henri Marie-Raymond de Toulouse-Lautrec Monfa was born in 1864 in the south of France to an aristocratic family who owned much of the area.
Growing up, he was always in fragile health, which some have attributed to inbreeding (his parents were first cousins, and many of Lautrec's own cousins suffered similar ailments).
As a teen, Lautrec broke both of his legs within a two-year period. Neither leg ever knitted properly -- possibly due to a congenital defect -- and his legs stopped growing. The rest of his body continued to develop. He eventually reached 4 feet 11 inches in height.
"He also had a lisp and spoke French with a strong southern accent," Chapin says. "He rarely made a great first impression."
He buffered his rather awkward physical appearance by eccentric characteristics, but he wasn't the only eccentric in his family.
"His father and his grandfathers were also pretty out there," Chapin says. "This was a time when the rich could get away with anything."
His family had no problems accepting outlandish behavior. His choice of career was another matter.
Artist as rebel
An 18-year-old Lautrec arrived in Paris in 1882 to pursue his art studies. Like many students, he was hardly all work and no play. And he seemed to enjoy either provoking his family or at least flaunting his bohemian lifestyle to his family back home.
"There's one extra-charming letter in particular where he writes, 'Dear Mom, I've been hanging out in this club with these anarchists,'" Chapin says, chuckling.
Still, there was one thing worse than hanging out in cafes and bars with malcontents, and that was simply the fact that Lautrec was hellbent on making a living as an artist.
"He was from a family of aristocrats," Chapin explains. "Working for a living was viewed as something below his class."
His family even asked him to paint under a pseudonym and, for a time, he did. He used a variety of names, most notably "Treclau" -- an anagram for Lautrec.
Hanging out in places like Le Chat Noir (The Black Cat) and the Moulin Rouge proved proved to be a good thing for Lautrec, because it was those places that helped skyrocket him to fame.
Art for the masses
Lautrec's first foray into lithography -- an art form in which he would demonstrate a talent for innovation -- occurred in December 1891. Though he had spent nine years in Paris, he literally became an overnight sensation when 3,000 copies of his publicity poster "Moulin Rouge: La Goulue" were plastered all over Paris.
"You can't really imagine the kind of notoriety he gained," Chapin says. "Three thousand posters going up in one night was mass communication."
And Parisians weren't just looking at his posters. They were carefully tearing them down and taking them home. While he wasn't the first person to legitimize the poster medium (Jules Cheret is given that credit), Lautrec was the first avant-garde artist to try his hand at poster-making.
"He took a very modern approach to the medium," Chapin says. "This was cutting-edge art applied to lowbrow entertainment."
He found success in the medium in part because he had an uncanny ability to boil down a performer's essence to a few iconic characteristics. In cancan dancer Louise "La Goulue" Weber's case, her squinty eyes, penchant for high kicks and her whirling petticoat tell you all you need to know about her nightly performances.
For the cabaret singer Yvette Guilbert, her character was reduced to thin woman with black gloves and a nose like a beak. Singer-songwriter Aristide Bruant's image was distilled to a wide-brimmed hat, black cloak, red scarf and walking stick.
"Lautrec was also very savvy," Chapin says. "The reason these posters survive is because Lautrec would save very good proofs to sell to collectors or through vendors. He would hang and sell them right next to his oil paintings so you would have art right next to something that was mass-produced. He was the first artist to paint the celebrity as we understand the notion today."
And in the process, he managed to create his own celebrity.
"His life reads like a movie script," Chapin says. "His parents were cousins, he was born with a deformity and he gained artistic acclaim before dying at an early age. Beyond that, there is also his art that resonates with his own fascination with celebrity and nightlife. In short, it's great material to work with."
Pop culture pays homage to Lautrec
While the Art Institute's exhibit goes to great lengths to recreate the cultural aspects of life in Montmartre neighborhood of Paris at the end of the 19th century, it's still lacking a certain joie de vivre. To get the full Toulouse-Lautrec experience, may we suggest:
DRINK LIKE LAUTREC
As you may know, absinthe -- one of the liquors popular to many bohemians like Lautrec as well as writers, singers and 19th-century Parisians -- has been banned in the United States since 1915 thanks to the hallucinogenic qualities of one of the chief botanical ingredients: wormwood. Wormwood contains a chemical called thujone, thought to be psychoactive.
Those seeking to dance with "The Green Fairy" (so named because when absinthe is mixed with water, the resulting mixture turns an opaque green) needn't break the law to quench their thirst. Absente (or, as the French call it "petite absinthe") is legal and available for purchase in the States (Binny's Beverage Depot has a 750-milliliter bottle for $39.99). Absente is made from a less-bitter cousin herb called southern wormwood. The level of thujone in southern wormwood is at Food and Drug Administration-permitted levels, making Absente perfectly legal.
That doesn't mean the drink is any less potent, says Jim Nikola of Crillon Importers, the U.S. distributor of Absente.
"This is as close to illegal absinthe as you can get without it being illegal," Nikola says. "It's still pretty strong."
The traditional method of serving the drink requires placing a sugar cube on a specially shaped, slotted absinthe spoon. You balance the spoon on a glass filled with 2 ounces of Absente and pour 3.5 ounces of cold water over the sugar cube, then stir with the absinthe spoon.
Of course, if you're leery of investing in a full bottle, Nikola says you can always try Absente at the Absinthe Cafe (1958 W. North), Delilah's (2771 N. Lincoln) and the Ritz-Carlton (160 E. Pearson).
Lautrec wasn't just a big fan of this traditional drink, though.
"He had a strong predilection for all alcohol," says exhibit curator Mary Weaver Chapin. "He was also fiercely fond of American-style cocktails."
One of the recipes Chapin came across in her research was for an absinthe cocktail he created called "The Earthquake." Mix equal parts of Absente with cognac and pour over lots of ice.
"'Earthquake' was a perfect name for it," Nikola says. "The drink is so strong, it may certainly create tremors through your body."
ENTERTAIN LIKE LAUTREC
Cabaret as an art form is alive and well in Chicago. While there are notable differences between French and American-style cabaret, you'll still feel like Lautrec sitting at a cocktail table at Davenport's (1383 N. Milwaukee), or Gentry (440 N. State and 3320 N. Halsted) -- especially if you bring your sketch pad and charcoals.
WATCH LAUTREC
The larger-than-life artist was the main character in John Huston's 1952 film "Moulin Rouge." Jose Ferrer received an Oscar nomination for his portrayal of the artist. Zsa Zsa Gabor starred opposite him as French performer (and frequent Lautrec model) Jane Avril.
Lautrec also turned up briefly in Vincente Minnelli's 1956 Vincent van Gogh bio-pic, "Lust For Life"; (Jerry Bergan played Lautrec). More recently, John Leguizamo played the artist in Baz Luhrmann's 2001 romantic musical, "Moulin Rouge!" that set modern pop tunes in the belle epoque era.
Lautrec's art has been a frequent source of inspiration for animators and costume designers. For Gene Kelly's classic 1951 film "An American in Paris," costume designer Irene Sharaff created costumes for each of the film's ballet sequences around artists like Manet, van Gogh and Lautrec, winning an Oscar for best costumes for her efforts.
Legendary animator Chuck Jones drew inspiration from van Gogh, Monet and Lautrec for backgrounds in the 1962 animated film "Gay Purr-ee," which starred the voice of Judy Garland and featured music by Yip Harburg and Harold Arlen.
There's even a science fiction connection. Lautrec's poster of Aristide Bruant (see image on previous page) with long scarf and wide-brimmed hat, was the inspiration for the costume worn by Tom Baker as the BBC's fourth "Doctor Who."
British Museum 新增了 2 張相片。
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec was born #onthisday in 1864. The French painter and printmaker is famous for his depictions of the glamour and excess of Paris in the late 19th century.
The Artist's Dog Flèche - National Gallery of Art
https://www.nga.gov/Collection/art-object-page.52228.html d'Anselme and Tapié de Céléyran are according to labels on back of painting. The latter was a cousin of the artist, whose mother was Adèle Tapié de Céléyran. [2] Exhibited with Molyneux collection in 1952.
FULCRUM: an annual of poetry and aesthetics
Photo of Toulouse-Lautrec and Lucien Metivet drinking absinthe. Circa 1885. (Only at FULCRUM: an annual of poetry and aesthetics.)
National Gallery of Art
Another take on #Youth is considering the artist’s age when creating a work of art. We often don’t consider the stage of an artist’s life when he or she worked on a picture. Let your eyes wander over this painting, “The Artist’s Dog Flèche” by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. What do you notice first in this work of art?
Lautrec was the only surviving son of closely related families from the provincial aristocracy of southwestern France. His father and his uncles were talented amateur artists, and Lautrec showed a keen interest and natural ability in drawing from childhood. His first art teacher encouraged his efforts, and Lautrec persuaded his parents to allow him to pursue further training in Paris. This picture was painted when he was just 17. Is there anything that indicates Lautrec painted this when he was a young artist? #ArtAtoZ
Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, “The Artist's Dog Flèche,” c. 1881, oil on wood, National Gallery of Art, Washington, Ailsa Mellon Bruce Collection, 1970.17.84
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