鑄石
來自維基百科，自由百科全書
德國弗萊堡鑄石門道
Doorway in cast stone, Freiburg, Germany倫敦西敏橋南端的科德石南岸獅子
The Coade stone South Bank Lion at the south end of Westminster Bridge, London鑄石或再生石是一種精製的人造石，是預製混凝土的一種形式。它被用作建築材料，以模擬建築特徵（如飾面和裝飾）中的自然切割磚石；用於雕像；以及花園裝飾。它可以替代天然建築石材，包括石灰石、褐砂石、砂岩、青石、花崗岩、板岩和石灰華。鑄石可以由白色或灰色水泥、人造或天然沙子、碎石或天然礫石製成，並且可以用礦物著色顏料著色。它比天然石材更便宜、更均勻，並且允許將散裝材料運送到使用地點附近進行鑄造，這比運輸和雕刻非常大的石塊更便宜。
歷史
已知最早使用鑄石的是法國卡爾卡松城，約在1138年。 [1]它於 19 世紀末在倫敦首次被廣泛使用[2]，並於 20 世紀 20 年代在美國廣泛接受。 [3][4]
該行業最早的發展成果之一是科德石，一種燒製陶瓷形式的粗陶器。另一種著名的石材是維多利亞石，它由三部分精細粉碎的索雷爾山（萊斯特郡）花崗岩和一部分波特蘭水泥組成，經過精心機械混合並倒入模具中。凝固後，將磚塊放入矽酸鈉溶液中，使其硬化。許多製造商生產一種無孔產品，能夠抵抗腐蝕性的海風以及工業和住宅空氣污染。 [5]
據魯珀特·甘尼斯 (Rupert Gunnis) 稱，一位名叫範·斯潘根 (Van Spangen) 的荷蘭人於 1800 年在倫敦的鮑 (Bow) 開設了一家人造石工廠，後來與鮑威爾先生 (Mr. Powell) 合作。該公司於 1828 年解散，模具賣給了雕塑家菲利克斯·奧斯汀（Felix Austin）。 [6]
Cast stone
Cast stone or reconstructed stone is a refined artificial stone, a form of precast concrete. It is used as a building material to simulate natural-cut masonry in architectural features such as facings and trim; for statuary; and for garden ornaments. It may replace natural building stones including limestone, brownstone, sandstone, bluestone, granite, slate, and travertine. Cast stone can be made from white or grey cements, manufactured or natural sands, crushed stone or natural gravels, and can be coloured with mineral colouring pigments. It is cheaper and more uniform than natural stone, and allows transporting the bulk materials and casting near the place of use, which is cheaper than transporting and carving very large pieces of stone.
History
[edit]The earliest known use of cast stone was in the Cité de Carcassonne, France, in about 1138.[1] It was first used extensively in London in the late 19th century[2] and gained widespread acceptance in America in the 1920s.[3][4]
One of the earliest developments in the industry was Coade stone, a fired ceramic form of stoneware. Another well-known variety was Victoria stone, which is composed of three parts finely crushed Mount Sorrel (Leicestershire) granite to one of Portland cement, carefully mechanically mixed and poured into moulds. After setting the blocks are placed in a solution of silicate of soda to indurate and harden them. Many manufacturers turned out a very non-porous product able to resist corrosive sea air and industrial and residential air pollution.[5]
According to Rupert Gunnis a Dutchman named Van Spangen set up an artificial stone manufactury at Bow in London in 1800 and later went into partnership with a Mr. Powell. The firm was broken up in 1828, and the moulds sold to a sculptor, Felix Austin.[6]
