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Making Architecture: The Getty Center




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Making Architecture: The Getty Center (Getty Trust Publications: J. Paul Getty Museum) [Paperback]

Harold Williams (Author), Ada Louise Huxtable (Author), Stephen D. Rountree (Author)
 
 
 This volume completes the documentation of the planning, design, and construction of the Getty Center begun in The Getty Center (1991). Designed by Richard Meier and Partners, the Getty Center sits atop a stunning 110-acre hilltop in west Los Angeles and is the new home for the Museum, the five Institutes, and the Grant Program that make up the J. Paul Getty Trust.

The book includes a series of essays that underscore the challenges faced by architect, contractor, and owner working collaboratively. A chronology identifies the key dates and events in the design and construction process. Extensively illustrated with photographs by several accomplished photographers, site drawings from Richard Meier and Partners, and Robert Irwin's drawings of the Central Gardens, the book presents readers with an insider's view of the making of the Getty Center.
 
 The Getty Center, in Brentwood, Los Angeles, California, is a campus for the J. Paul Getty Trust founded by oilman J. Paul Getty. The $1.3 billion center, which opened on December 16, 1997,[2] is also well known for its architecture, gardens, and views overlooking Los Angeles. The center sits atop a hill connected to a visitors' parking garage at the bottom of the hill by a three-car, cable-pulled tram. The center draws 1.3 million visitors annually.
It is one of two locations of the J. Paul Getty Museum. This branch of the museum specializes in "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs".[3] Among the works on display is the painting Irises by Vincent van Gogh. Besides the museum, the center's buildings house the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the Getty Conservation Institute, the Getty Foundation, and the administrative offices of the J. Paul Getty Trust, which owns and operates the center. The center also has outdoor sculptures displayed on terraces and in gardens. Designed by architect Richard Meier, the campus includes a central garden designed by artist Robert Irwin. GRI's separate building contains a research library with over 900,000 volumes and two million photographs of art and architecture. The center's design included special provisions to address concerns regarding earthquakes and fires.

Contents

Location and history

USGS satellite image of the Getty Center. The circular building to the left is the Getty Research Institute. The two buildings at the top are the Getty Trust administrative offices and the rest is the museum.
Originally, the Getty Museum started in J. Paul Getty's house located in Pacific Palisades in 1954. He expanded the house with a museum wing. In the 1970s, Getty built a replica of an Italian villa on his home's property to better house his collection, which opened in 1974. After Getty's death in 1976, the entire property was turned over to the Getty Trust for museum purposes. However, the collection outgrew the site, which has since been renamed the Getty Villa, and management sought a location more accessible to Los Angeles. The purchase of the land upon which the center is located, a campus of 24 acres (9.7 ha) on a 110-acre (45 ha) site in the Santa Monica Mountains above Interstate 405, surrounded by 600 acres (240 ha) kept in a natural state, was announced in 1983.[4] The site cost $25 million.[5] The top of the hill is 900 feet (270 m) above I-405, high enough that on a clear day it is possible to see not only the Los Angeles skyline but also the San Bernardino Mountains and San Gabriel Mountains to the east as well as the Pacific Ocean to the west.[6][7]
In 1984, Richard Meier was chosen to be the architect of the center.[8] After an extensive conditional-use permit process,[4] construction by the Hathaway Dinwiddie Construction Company[9] began in August 1989.[10] The construction was significantly delayed, with the planned completion date moved from 1988 to 1995 (as of 1990).[11] By 1995, however, the campus was described as only "more than halfway complete".[4]
The center finally opened to the public on December 16, 1997.[2][12] Although the total project cost was estimated to be $350 million as of 1990,[11] it was later estimated to be $1.3 billion.[13] After the center opened, the villa closed for extensive renovations and reopened on January 28, 2006, to focus on the arts and cultures of ancient Greece, Rome, and Etruria.[14] Currently, the museum displays collections at both the Getty Center and the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades.
In 2005, after a series of articles in the Los Angeles Times about the spending practices of the Getty Trust and its then-president Dr. Barry Munitz, the California Attorney General conducted an investigation of the Getty Trust and found that no laws had been broken. The trust agreed to appoint an outside monitor to review future expenditures.[15] The Getty Trust experienced financial difficulties in 2008 and 2009 and cut 205 of 1,487 budgeted staff positions to reduce expenses.[16][17] Although the Getty Trust endowment reached $6.4 billion in 2007, it dropped to $4.5 billion in 2009.[18]

Architecture

Cactus Garden perched on the south of the Getty Center, with West Los Angeles in the background
Meier has exploited the two naturally-occurring ridges (which diverge at a 22.5 degree angle) by overlaying two grids along these axes. These grids serve to define the space of the campus while dividing the import of the buildings on it. Along one axis lie the galleries and along the other axis lie the administrative buildings. Meier emphasized the two competing grids by constructing strong view lines through the campus. The main north-south axis starts with the helipad, then includes a narrow walkway between the auditorium and north buildings, continues past the elevator kiosk to the tram station, through the rotunda, past the walls and support columns of the exhibitions pavilion, and finally the ramp besides the west pavilion and the central garden. Its corresponding east-west visual axis starts with the edge of the scholar's wing of the Getty Research Institute (GRI), the walkway between the central garden and the GRI, the overlook to the azalea pool in the central garden, the walkway between the central garden and the west pavilion, and finally the north wall of the west pavilion and the courtyard between the south and east pavilions.
The main axes of the museum grid that is offset by 22.5 degrees begins with the arrival plaza, carries through the edge of the stairs up to the main entrance, aligns with the columns supporting the rotunda as well as the center point of the rotunda, aligns with travertine benches in the courtyard between the pavilions, includes a narrow walkway between the west and south pavilions, a staircase down to the catus garden and ends in the garden. The corresponding cross axis starts with the center point of the circle forming the GRI library garden, then passing to the center of the entrance rotunda, and aligning with the south wall of the rotunda building. Although all of the museum is aligned on these alternative axes, portions of the exhibitions pavilion and the east pavilion are aligned on the true north-south axis as a reminder that both grids are present in the campus.[19][20]
The primary grid structure is a 30-inch (760 mm) square; most wall and floor elements are 30-inch (760 mm) squares or some derivative thereof. The buildings at the Getty Center are made from concrete and steel with either travertine or aluminium cladding.[21] Around 1,200,000 square feet (110,000 m2) of travertine was used to build the center.[21]
Throughout the campus, numerous fountains provide white noise as a background. The initial design has remained intact; however benches and fences have been installed around the plaza fountains to discourage visitors from wading into the pools. Some additional revisions have been made in deference to the Americans with Disabilities Act.
The fountain at the tram station.
The north promontory is anchored by a circular grass area, which serves as a heliport in case of emergencies, and the south promontory is anchored by a succulent plant and cactus garden. The complex is also encircled by access roads that lead to loading docks and staff parking garages on both the west and east sides of the buildings. The hillside around the complex has been planted with California Live Oak (Quercus agrifolia) trees.
The museum has a seven-story deep underground parking garage with over 1,200 parking spaces. Its roof has an outdoor sculpture garden.[22] An automated three-car, cable-pulled tram takes passengers between the parking garage at the bottom of the hill and the museum at the top of the hill.

Arrival court and central rotunda

A stairway leading down to the Central Garden
Visitors typically arrive at a tram station in the arrival plaza located between the administrative buildings and the museum entrance. A large set of steps leads to the main doors of the rotunda building. The rotunda building houses information desks, two orientation theatres and museum shops. It also holds a grand staircase that starts a path toward the paintings located on the second floor of each art pavilion. The rotunda opens to the south to a terrace that links all five of the museum pavilions. A separate building to the west of the arrival plaza and stairs holds a cafeteria and restaurant. Next to the restaurant is a stone arch, which separates the museum from the GRI. Stairs from the terrace connecting the GRI and the restaurant lead down to the central garden.

Museum

Main article: J. Paul Getty Museum
The J. Paul Getty Museum's estimated 1.3 million visitors annually make it one of the most visited museums in the United States.[23] The collection of the J. Paul Getty Museum on display at the Getty Center includes "pre-20th-century European paintings, drawings, illuminated manuscripts, sculpture, and decorative arts; and 19th- and 20th-century American and European photographs".[3] The paintings include:
Terrace between pavilions looking toward Exhibitions Pavilion and Rotunda.
  • Arii Matamoe (The Royal End) by Paul Gauguin (1892). The Museum's director, Michael Brand, stated that the purchase of the painting was "one of the key moments in the history of our collection."[24] The literal translation of the Tahitian words of the title are "noble" and "sleeping eyes", which implies "death".[25]
  • Irises by Vincent Van Gogh (1889). The museum purchased the painting in 1990; it had sold for $53.9 million in 1987.[26]
  • Portrait of a Halberdier by Pontormo (1528–1530).[27] When the museum bought the painting for $35.2 million at an auction in 1989, "the price more than tripled the previous record at auction for an Old Master painting".[28]
  • A copy of Portrait of Louis XIV, which measures 114 x 62-5/8 inches, by the workshop of Hyacinthe Rigaud (after 1701).[29]
Getty's photograph collection is located on the lower level of the west pavilion. It includes 35,000 individual prints, 1,500 daguerreotypes and other cased objects, 30,000 stereographs and cartes-de-visite, and 475 albums containing almost 40,000 mounted prints.[30]
The inner courtyard of the museum
The museum building consists of a three-level base building that is closed to the public and provides staff workspace and storage areas. Five public, two-story towers on the base are called the North, East, South, West and the Exhibitions Pavilions. The Exhibitions Pavilion acts as the temporary residence for traveling art collections and the Foundation's artwork for which the permanent pavilions have no room. The permanent collection is displayed throughout the other four pavilions chronologically: the north houses the oldest art while the west houses the newest.[31] The first-floor galleries in each pavilion house light-sensitive art, such as illuminated manuscripts, furniture, or photography. Computer-controlled skylights on the second-floor galleries allow paintings to be displayed in natural light. The second floors are connected by a series of glass-enclosed bridges and open terraces, both of which offer views of the surrounding hillsides and central plaza. Sculpture is also on display at various points outside the buildings, including on various terraces and balconies. The lower level (the highest of the floors in the base) includes a public cafeteria, the terrace cafe, and the photography galleries.[32]

Central Garden

The Central Garden as seen from the Museum
The 134,000-square-foot (12,400 m2) Central Garden at the Getty Center is the work of artist Robert Irwin.[33] Planning for the garden began in 1992, construction started in 1996, and the garden was completed in December 1997.[34]
Irwin was quoted as saying that the Central Garden "is a sculpture in the form of a garden, which aims to be art."[35] Water plays a major role in the garden. A fountain near the restaurant flows toward the garden and appears to fall into a grotto on the north garden wall. The resulting stream then flows down the hillside into the azalea pool. The designers placed rocks and boulders of varying size in the stream bed to vary the sounds from the flowing water. A tree-lined stream descends to a plaza, while the walkway criss-crosses the stream, which continues through the plaza, and goes over a stone waterfall into a round pool.[33] A maze of azaleas floats in the pool, around which is a series of specialty gardens.[33] More than 500 varieties of plant material are used for the Central Garden, but the selection is "always changing, never twice the same".[33]
After the original design, an outdoor sculpture garden, called the "Lower Terrace Garden" was added in 2007 on the west side of the central garden just below the scholar's wing of the GRI building.[22][36]

Getty Research Institute (GRI)

Main article: Getty Research Institute
The Getty Research Institute (GRI) is "dedicated to furthering knowledge and advancing understanding of the visual arts."[37] Among other holdings, GRI's research library contains over 900,000 volumes of books, periodicals, and auction catalogs; special collections; and two million photographs of art and architecture.[38] GRI's other activities include exhibitions, publications, and a residential scholars program.[37] At the Getty Center, GRI is located to the west of the museum.[21] The round building encircles a landscaped garden and is located to the west of the central garden. The main entrance of GRI is connected by a terrace to the main arrival court of the museum, with outdoor sculptures placed along the route.[22] GRI has one art gallery on its entrance level that is open to the public.

Other offices

The Getty Center, seen from a hill in Bel-Air. East Building, North Building and Auditorium are closest to camera.
Meier also designed three other buildings located next to the north promontory and offset at a 22.5 degree angle from the main axis of the museum pavilions. The north-most building is an auditorium. Next to it is the North Building, with the East Building sitting between the North Building and the rotunda. The main entrance to the East Building is flanked by two round silos that hold its elevators. A bridge over a sunken courtyard links the main entrance of the East Building to the main walkway that connects the auditorium and North Buildings to the rotunda. These buildings house the Getty Conservation Institute (GCI), the J. Paul Getty Trust and the Getty Foundation. These buildings are generally closed to the public except for special events held in the auditorium.[21] They are linked to the museum both by landscaped terraces and by an enclosed glass walkway that leads from the main rotunda of the museum.
Main article: Getty Conservation Institute
GCI, which is headquartered at the Getty Center but also has facilities at the Getty Villa, commenced operation in 1985.[39] It "serves the conservation community through scientific research, education and training, model field projects, and the dissemination of the results of both its own work and the work of others in the field" and "adheres to the principles that guide the work of the Getty Trust: service, philanthropy, teaching, and access".[39] GCI has activities in both art conservation and architectural conservation.[40]
The Getty Foundation awards grants for "the understanding and preservation of the visual arts".[41] In addition, it runs the Getty Leadership Institute for "current and future museum leaders".[42] Its offices are north of the museum.[21] The foundation offices are located in the two administrative buildings that are north of the museum. The J. Paul Getty Trust, which oversees the Getty Conservation Institute, Getty Foundation, Getty Research Institute, and J. Paul Getty Museum, also has offices there.[21]

Preparation for natural disasters

Earthquakes

Looking north from main entrance toward arrival plaza.
Although the center's site was thought to have little motion during earthquakes, which are frequent in the Los Angeles area, in 1994, as the center was being constructed, the Northridge earthquake struck.[43] It caused "disturbing hairline cracks... in the welds and plated joints of the steel framework."[44] As a result, the steelwork through the site was retrofitted.[44] The Center's buildings are thought to be able to survive an earthquake of 7.5 magnitude on the Richter scale.[43]

Fires

In the 16 electrical transformers at the center, silicone fluid is used as a coolant "with less risk of ignition" than hydrocarbon coolant.[45] The native flammable chaparral was removed and fire-resistant poverty weed was added to the slopes around the center.[44] Each year, a herd of goats is rented to clear brush on the surrounding hills.[46]
At the north end of the center, a tank with 1,000,000 USgal (3,800,000 l) of water, together with a grass-covered helipad, allow helicopters to collect water.[47][48] The access ramp from the entry plaza to the museum was constructed to allow a fire truck to pass over it.[44] Inside the museum, the sprinkler system is designed to balance "between the potential damage of a fire and the risk of water damage to valuable artwork".[49]

Panoramic view looking south

A near 180-degree panoramic view of Los Angeles looking south from the Getty on an exceptionally clear day. The 405 freeway intersects the view

References

  1. ^ "Snapshot: Visits to the Getty". Getty Center. Archived from the original on 2010-12-03. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  2. ^ a b The Getty Center: Reflecting on 10 Years.
  3. ^ a b Art on View (Visit the Getty). Retrieved August 22, 2008.
  4. ^ a b c Moody, Lori. In the home stretch - half-finished Getty Center nearing landmark status. Daily News of Los Angeles, April 18, 1995.
  5. ^ Filler, Martin (2007). Makers of modern architecture. New York Review of Books. p. 214. ISBN 978-1-59017-227-8.
  6. ^ Morgenstern, Joe. Getty opens mammoth hilltop center to public. Wall Street Journal (Eastern edition), December 16, 1997.
  7. ^ Hardy, Terri. Covering all angles - "preview" a coveted assignment. Daily News of Los Angeles, December 10, 1997.
  8. ^ Miller, Daryl H. Meier: centering on a landmark. Daily News of Los Angeles, December 20, 1987.
  9. ^ "Getty Center". Los Angeles Business Journal. 2007-08-27. Retrieved 2011-01-12.
  10. ^ Construction under way on Getty Center. Los Angeles Times, August 13, 1989.
  11. ^ a b Muchnic, Suzanne. Catching up with the Getty Center. Art: A look at the $350-million Getty Center in Brentwood as it moves toward a 1995 completion date. Los Angeles Times, October 22, 1990.
  12. ^ Sullivan, Deborah. Getty's message to the world: Come on in! Daily News of Los Angeles, December 17, 1997.
  13. ^ Muchnic, Suzanne. Five years of the Getty; Isolated? Elitist? L.A. makes the Getty its own in surprising ways. Los Angeles Times, December 15, 2002.
  14. ^ "About the Museum". Getty Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  15. ^ "Report of the Attorney General's Investigation of the J. Paul Getty Trust". State of California. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  16. ^ "2009 Annual Report". Getty Trust. p. 5. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  17. ^ "Statement from Getty Trust President and CEO James Wood regarding Getty's FY 2010 budget". J. Paul Getty Trust. April 27, 2009. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  18. ^ "2009 Annual Report". Getty Trust. p. 70. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  19. ^ Rosenblatt, Arthur (2001). Building type basics for museums. John Wiley & Sons. p. 25. ISBN 0-471-34915-1. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  20. ^ "Design Axes and Diagrams". Reed College. Retrieved 2010-11-27.
  21. ^ a b c d e f "Architecture (Visit the Getty).". Getty Museum. Retrieved September 10, 2008.
  22. ^ a b c "Modern Outdoor Sculpture at the Getty Center". Getty Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-24.
  23. ^ Baedeker, Rob. America's 25 most visited museums. ForbesTraveler.com, September 21, 2007. Retrieved August 28, 2008.
  24. ^ Wyatt, Edward. Getty Museum buys a seldom-exhibited Gauguin. New York Times, March 12, 2008. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  25. ^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Arii Matamoe (The Royal End). Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  26. ^ Kimmelman, Michael. Getty buys van Gogh "Irises," but won't tell price. New York Times, March 22, 1990. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  27. ^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Portrait of a Halberdier (Francesco Guardi?). Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  28. ^ Reif, Rita. Old Master auctioned for record $35 million. New York Times, June 1, 1989. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  29. ^ J. Paul Getty Museum. Portrait of Louis XIV. Retrieved August 26, 2008.
  30. ^ "The Photographs Study Room". Getty Museum. Retrieved 2010-11-28.
  31. ^ "Art on View". Getty Trust. Retrieved 2010-11-15.
  32. ^ Getty Center Map.
  33. ^ a b c d Gardens (Visit the Getty). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  34. ^ The Central Garden (Getty Press Release). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  35. ^ Wilson, Karen C. The Getty Center Museum quality Center's largest 'exhibit' will surely grow on visitors. San Diego Union-Tribune, November 30, 1997.
  36. ^ "New modern sculpture installation scheduled to open at the Getty Center this June". Getty Museum. April 9, 2007. Retrieved 2010-11-25.
  37. ^ a b About the Research Institute (Research at the Getty). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  38. ^ Research Library Overview (Research at the Getty). Retrieved August 23, 2008.
  39. ^ a b J. Paul Getty Trust. About the Conservation Institute. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
  40. ^ Adams, Eric. The Getty's conservation mission. Architecture, December 1997, vol. 86, issue 12.
  41. ^ Getty Foundation.About the Foundation. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  42. ^ Getty Foundation. The Leadership Institute. Retrieved September 18, 2008.
  43. ^ a b Rosenbaum, Lee. View from the Getty: what its billions bought. Art in America, May 1998. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  44. ^ a b c d Meier, Richard (1997). Building the Getty. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-375-40043-8.
  45. ^ Parson, Ellen. Transformer system provides reliability and fire safety at Getty Complex. EC&M Electrical Construction & Maintenance, January 1998, Vol. 97, Issue 1.
  46. ^ Bartholomew, Dana. No visit of the Santa Anas is a match for the blazing brush clearance skills of - Getty's goats. Daily News of Los Angeles, May 14, 2008.
  47. ^ Cosin, Elizabeth. Museum designed to enhance art experience. Daily News of Los Angeles, August 18, 1996.
  48. ^ Feigenbaum, Gail. Radical cactus: the other garden at the Getty Center. Australian Humanities Review, Issue 36, July 2005. Retrieved October 23, 2008.
  49. ^ Earls, Alan R. Balancing art and fire safety. NFPA Journal, January 2003. Retrieved October 23, 2008.

Further reading

  • Williams, Harold Marvin (1991). The Getty Center: design process. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust. ISBN 978-0-89236-210-3.
  • Williams, Harold Marvin (1997). Making architecture: the Getty Center. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Trust. ISBN 978-0-89236-463-3.
  • Brawne, Michael (1998). The Getty Center: Richard Meier & Partners. London: Phaidon. ISBN 978-0-7148-3799-4.
  • Mulas, Antonia; Richard Meier; Massimo Vignelli (1998). Richard Meier: the Getty Center. Tolentino (Macerata): Poltrona Frau. ISBN 978-88-8158-269-3.
  • Deal, Joe (1999). Between nature and culture: photographs of the Getty Center by Joe Deal. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0-89236-549-4.
  • Weschler, Lawrence; Becky Cohen (2002). Robert Irwin Getty garden. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0-89236-620-0.
  • Duggan, Jim; Becky Cohen (2003). Plants in the Getty's Central Garden. Los Angeles: J. Paul Getty Museum. ISBN 978-0-89236-714-6.
 
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