2021年3月30日 星期二

菁寮聖十字架堂 (臺南市後壁區)(Gottfried Böhm波姆+楊嘉慶,961). An artist among architects: Gottfried Böhm turns 100

2021.3.31


座落於台灣的建築物中,有兩棟是得過普立茲克獎的建築師所設計,這獎可是有「建築界奧斯卡獎」的美譽。
其中之一是頂頂大名的東海大學路思義教堂,貝聿銘建築師設計,曾得過1983年普立茲克奬。
另一棟則是默默地立足於台南後壁菁寮村莊的稻田間,已經六十年的天主教教堂,設計的建築師是德國歌特弗萊德·波姆,於1986年獲得普立茲克獎。
2005年,崑濱伯的無米樂紀錄片讓菁寮聲名大噪,帶動了冠軍米熱銷,菁寮老街再造,在地年輕人回流,吸引觀光人潮,而同樣位於菁寮的天主教堂順勢而起,倍受矚目。
1955年德國籍楊森神父派駐台南傳教,邀請德國年輕建築師波姆設計此菁寮敎區的天主教堂,耗時五年完工,因此這座教堂是波姆嶄露頭角的早期作品,仔細品味當可略知建築大師高明之處。
教堂主體是金字塔式的聖殿,搭配三座圓錐尖塔建築,其中聖體堂依附著聖殿,聖洗堂由聖殿廊道延伸而出,鐘樓位居教堂入口。四座建築量體的塔尖各有一信仰標記,分別是十字架、公雞、王冠與鴿子,而尖塔外表皆是金屬鋁片包覆。如此特殊建築矗立於平疇田野和閩南式平房間,鶴立雞群,金屬光影隨稻浪綠波起伏,莫不令人讚嘆。
金字塔錐體下方的聖殿和神壇皆為八角型的空間設計,倚著後牆是耶穌的十字架雕像,中央是講台,講台前方香爐一座,左側有聖母抱聖嬰雕像,牆邊有中式祖先牌位,顯示教會入境隨俗的一面。右側緊接著聖體室,聖體小堂內部牆面與聖台皆是大理石板鑲嵌的馬賽克鋪面,極為典雅樸實。
聖殿四周牆壁上方包括教友聽講席雙側上方皆是鮮紅色小格窗與傳統紋樣玻璃,具東方神殿特色的意涵,格外醒目。長條的坐椅約七八行,坐席兩邊是長方型格狀落地窗,因此採光與通風極佳。
聖水堂內一座半人高青斗石,置放盛聖水之陶甕,上有呼應建築造型的銅製圓錐狀水罩覆蓋,約六十公分高,水罩頂端鑲十字架,周邊三圈卯釘浮雕般裝飾,底座斜立兩支銅製握把,方便掀起水蓋,優美高雅聖水桌罩泛著光滑油亮的紅銅鏽面,映出古樸卻珍貴的歲月痕跡。
迴廊左側曾是神父的宿舍,右側目前是史料展示館,
廻廊壁面鑲著十多幅有關基督耶穌故事的精彩金屬蝕刻圖畫,與建築物同時存在。
知名度漸開的菁寮天主堂即使教友逐漸凋零,人數稀少,仍可安排導覽,顯然教會重視此珍貴的歷史資產。
可惜部分建物年久損毀未能原樣修復,如覆蓋錐體的金屬鋁片部分脫落,改用不銹鋼,紅色長方型木格落地窗腐朽後,以一般鋁門窗代替。院子也疏於照顧,雜草叢生,環境零亂,無意間透露著渡海傳教士和教堂的斑斑滄桑史。
當導覽員小心翼翼掀開當年神父到鄉下傳教時隨身攜帶、看圖說故事的卷軸掛圖時,水漬蟲齧已侵襲,紙張脆弱易裂,更讓人擔心這些珍貴文化資產的保存與維護。
來台南後壁無米樂社區,別忘了順道拜訪這光彩耀眼的建築大師作品。




2020.11.9

" 菁寮天主堂" (sic)較內行的說明,可參考王俊雄〈臺南後壁菁寮聖十字架堂〉(波姆+楊嘉慶,1961),收入王俊雄、徐明松合著《粗曠與詩意:台灣戰後第一代建築》台北:木馬文化,2017,頁70~77








Wikipedia "Gottfried Böhm"

部份建築作品[編輯]

  • 菁寮天主堂,興建於1960年:位於臺灣臺南市後壁區菁寮的天主堂,為哥特佛萊德·伯姆在成名前進行草圖設計。它是伯姆首件(sic)座落在德國以外的作品,亦為臺灣第一件由普利茲克獎得主設計的作品。[1]

參考資料[編輯]


哥特佛萊德·伯姆Gottfried Böhm;1920年1月23日),德國建築師,曾於1986年獲頒普利茲克獎

生平[編輯]

伯姆1920年1月23日誕生於德國奧芬巴赫一個建築世家。其父多米尼庫斯·伯姆(Dominikus Böhm)以興築德國境內數座教堂而聞名,而其祖父亦為建築師。

1946年,哥特佛萊德·伯姆自慕尼黑工業大學建築設計畢業後,在鄰近的藝術協會研習雕塑。1947年,哥特佛萊德開始為父親工作,並在父親於1955年去世後繼承他的事務所。這段時期,伯姆亦在魯道夫·史瓦茲(Rudolph Schwarz)麾下與「科隆重建協會」共事。1951年,伯姆前往紐約,在卡耶坦·鮑曼(Cajetan Baumann)的事務所工作六個月,並遇見兩位最鼓舞他的人:德國建築師密斯·凡·德羅沃爾特·格羅佩斯

此後數十年,伯姆在德國境內興建許多建築物,包括教堂、博物館市民中心辦公大樓住宅公寓。伯姆被認為是帶表現主義後包浩斯風格的建築師,但他認為自己是一名「連接」過去與未來、創意世界與物理世界、建物與城市景觀的一個建築師。在這個信念下,伯姆認為建築物的色彩、形式及物料與它的設定息息相關。

伯姆早期的作品多使用已鑄型的混凝土,近年由於科技進展,他開始採用鋼鐵玻璃在他的建築設計之中。他的計畫案明顯注重都市規劃,展現了他對於「連接」的注重。

伯姆曾獲得多個建築獎項,包括1986年的普利茲克獎

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    https://www.dw.com/en/an-artist-among-architects-gottfried-b%C3%B6hm-turns-100/a-52086635

    CULTURE

    An artist among architects: Gottfried Böhm turns 100

    The Pritzker Prize-winning Cologne architect is a living legend: Gottfried Böhm is now celebrating his 100th birthday. But his most famous work — the Mary Queen of Peace church in Neviges — still divides opinions.

        

    He still tries to go to the office every day. Slowly walking with the help of his rollator and supervised by a nurse, Gottfried Böhm heads to his former home in the Marienburg district of Cologne. The building was built in 1928 by his father Dominikus, who was also a renowned architect.

    Immersed in his family's creative space, Gottfried Böhm's daily ritual includes having a coffee in the glass bay window in the conference room.

    The house now serves as the creative headquarters of the distinguished family of architects. Today three of his four sons work here. The architecture dynasty — Gottfried Böhm's grandfather was already in the construction business — has even inspired a film released in 2015.

    Head of Böhm architectural dynasty

    In the postwar period, Gottfried Böhm designed more than 60 churches, many of which have since become icons of modernist architecture.

    Among his most storied designs is Mary Queen of Peace, a pilgrimage church in Velbert-Neviges. Reminiscent of a landscape of rocky peaks, the church completed on May 22, 1968 made Böhm an important representative of concrete brutalism.

    Bildergalerie Gottfried Böhm Nevigeser Wallfahrtsdom (picture-alliance / Rainer Hackenberg)

    The Mary Queen of Freedom church

    The architect, born in Offenbach on January 23, 1920, initially wanted to become a sculptor, explaining why many of his church and secular buildings have a strong sculptural dimension that stands out in their urban or countryside locations.

    Various elements of Böhm's designs, whether slender minaret towers or spiral stone staircases, created contrasts between hard edges and swinging curves, sobriety and ornamentation. His approach of drawing from apparent contractions can be admired, for example, at Böhm's famous Bensberg Town Hall.

    Read moreWhy Brutalism is sending out an SOS

    Gottfried Böhm, like his father Domenikus, is described by observers as having the "courage to create monuments." Many of his constructions, made of concrete, steel and glass, are characterized by bold statics with hanging roofs, arch constructions, cubes, cylinders or cones.

    The so-called Rabitz technique is often used in Böhm's structures. Plaster or mortar is applied to a wire mesh. The technique was already applied for his first project, the Madonna in the Ruins chapel in Cologne, completed in 1949. The octagonal chapel rises within the ruins of the church of St. Columba, which was destroyed during World War II, over a late Gothic statue of the Madonna, which remained unscathed in the bombing. It became a symbol of life.

    Inside the Mary Queen of Peace church (DAM) Frankfurt (Steffen Kunkel, 2015)

    Inside the Mary Queen of Peace church

    His first work was built over

    But his architecture also polarizes. Critics, for example, complain that the interior of the multifunctional Bergischer Löwe town house in Bergisch Gladbach, which he designed in 1980, has only limited functionality. From the outside, the bay windows, steel awnings, turrets and stairs can appear overwrought.

    Cologne's WDR Arkaden (picture-alliance/Bildagentur-online/Schoening)

    Cologne's WDR Arkaden

    Cologne's WDR Arkaden, which houses a part of public broadcaster Westdeutscher Rundfunk, is reminiscent of stacked containers that are equally overly ornamented. As these later works show, Böhm moved away from heavy concrete to privilege steel and glass instead.

    Böhm's inhospitable apartment towers in Cologne's district of Chorweiler turned out to be architectural sins.

    But the architect was even more affected by the way his Cologne chapel Madonna in the Ruins was built over in 2007. It is now part of Kolumba, the art museum of the Archdiocese of Cologne, which Swiss architect Peter Zumthor built on the original church floor plan. "It's a pity that the chapel was completely built in and removed from the cityscape," said Böhm.

    His most important work remains the pilgrimage church in Neviges. Böhm conceived it as a large tent for the "wandering people of God." Inside, the visitor is immersed in a mystical darkness, with the color windows designed by the master architect himself contributing to the atmosphere. But the Neviges Cathedral is not to everyone's taste. Some critics have described the concrete building's peaks as "monkey cliffs."

    Pritzker Prize for the Cologne master builder

    Böhm cultivated a special style of work that he passed down to his family. Not only three of the four sons, but also his wife Elisabeth, who died in 2012, worked in architecture.

    The family members bounce ideas off each other, said his son Peter. This has also sometimes led to "painful situations," especially when favored designs by the younger architects are answered, as happened on one occasion, with very alternative drawings by the family patriarch.  

    The Böhms (Lichtblick Film GmbH/Raphael Beinder)

    Gottfried's architect sons, Stephan, Paul and Peter. The fourth son is an artist

    The German Architecture Museum in Frankfurt is honoring the centenarian who was awarded the prestigious Pritzker Prize in 1986 with a major birthday exhibition titled "Böhm 100" that focuses on his concrete cathedral in Neviges.

    To mark the occasion, the architect himself will probably be sitting next to his favorite office window, enjoying his coffee. Everyday routine, even on his 100th birthday.

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