2015年11月15日 星期日

Dragon King 善女龍王/善如龍王


Zennyo Ryūō (善如龍王 or 善女龍王?, lit. "goodness-like dragon-king" or "goodness woman dragon-king" (respectively)) is a rain-goddragon in Japanese mythology. According to Japanese Buddhist tradition, the priest Kūkai made Zennyo Ryūō appear in 824 CE during a famous rainmaking contest at the Kyoto Imperial Palace.

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Name[edit]

The dragon name Zennyo Ryūō is written with Japanese zen  "good, goodness; virtuous", nyo  "woman; female" or nyo  "like; as if; be like; thus" (differentiated with the "mouth radical" ), and ryūō 龍王 or 竜王 "dragon king".
Zennyo is a common theme in Japanese art, usually depicted as a small dragon but sometimes as a human, either male or female, with a dragon's tail. The "female" representations could explain this variant character 女 (Visser 1913:162). Fowler (1997:155) cites Nishida Nagao 西田長男 that this 女 "woman" in Zennyo was an error for the original character 如. In Japanese Buddhist terminology,nyo 如 "like; thus" is used to translate Sanskrit words like nyorai 如来 "thus come" for tathāgata. Compare shinzennyo 近善女 "near goodness female" translating upāsikā "female disciple; female devotee".
Zennyo 善如 was also the name of a Jodo Shinshu priest (1333-1389 CE) who was a grandson of Kakunyo and the fourth chief priest of the Hongan-ji.
Some legends give the name of Zennyo as Zentatsu 善達 "goodness penetration" with tatsu  "penetrate; arrive at; reach; realize" instead of nyo.

Mount Murō[edit]

Zennyo or Zentatsu 善達 supposedly lived in the Ryūketsu 龍穴 "Dragon Hole/Cave" on Murōyama 室生山 "Mount Murō" in Nara Prefecture, which was an ancient locale of Japanese dragon worship and rainmaking ceremonies.
The oldest historical record is the 937 CE Ben’ichizan nenbun dosha sōjō 宀一山年分度者奏上 "Mount Murō Annual Report of Ordained Monks". It states that in 778 CE five Buddhist monks went to the mountain and ceremonially prayed for the health of futureEmperor Kammu (r. 781-806), who later established the Murō-ji Temple in appreciation. This text also states that in 781 CE, (Fowler 1997:147), "a Dragon King (龍王) who had been residing at this site vowed to protect the country and particularly the temple complex. For this gesture the dragon king was honored with a courtly rank, as was commonly offered to deities."
The ca. 1212-1215 CE Kojidan "Talks about Ancient Matters" specifies this dragon's name and history.


善女竜王

善女龍王像 長谷川等伯・画 安土桃山時代 七尾美術館
善女龍王ぜんにょりゅうおう)は雨乞いの対象である龍王のうちの一尊。「善如龍王」とも表記される。法華経・提婆達多品に現れる八大竜王の一尊、沙掲羅龍王(しゃかつらりゅうおう)の三女で神泉苑金剛峯寺などで鎮守社に祀られている。醍醐寺に鎮守として祀られる「清瀧権現」と同一視される他、同じ沙掲羅龍王の第三王女とされる方位神「歳徳神」とも関係が深い。神泉苑では善女龍王社のすぐそばの恵方社に歳徳神が祀られている。
「善女」とあるが、像容は男神像で表現されることもあり女神であるとは限らない。高野山には平安末期の絵師、定智による中国官服を着た男神として描かれた善女龍王像(国宝)があり、室生寺や醍醐寺にも写本がある。一方で、安土桃山時代の画家、長谷川等伯による「善女龍王像」は女童風に表されている。
824年(天長元年)、時の帝、淳和天皇は長引く干ばつに対して興福寺西寺とも)の守敏東寺空海に対して祈雨の修法を命じた。守敏が1週間にわたって修法を行うも効果少なく、次に空海が当時大内裏に南接していた神泉苑にて修法を行うが1滴の降雨もない。調べると空海の名声を妬む守敏により国中の龍神が瓶に閉じ込められていた。しかしただ1体、善女龍王だけは守敏の手から逃れていたので天竺の無熱池(むねっち)から呼び寄せて国中に大雨を降らせたという。
この時空海の前に現れた善女龍王は「高野大師行状図画」に九(270cm)の大蛇の頭の上に乗る八寸(24cm)の小さな金色蛇として描かれている。
さらに時代は下り、江戸時代に干ばつが起こり民衆が苦しんでいたところ、1771年明和8年)に瑞相院の僧、慈光により高野山にある「蓮池」の中州に善女龍王像と仏舎利を祀ったところ、たちまち霊験が現れたという。この祠堂は今でも善女龍王社として高野山金剛峯寺の蓮池にある。

参考文献[編集]

関連項目[編集]

Dragon King 善女龍王 (Biographical details)

Dragon King 善女龍王 (mythological figure/creature; Chinese; Male)

Also known as

Dragon King; Yongwang (Korean); Zennyo Ryuo (Japanese); Ryo-o; Ryu-O

Biography

Mythological figure. As Ryo-o, a role in gigaku play. The character of the 'Dragon King' derives from the story of a Chinese king of the Northern Qi dynasty (AD 550-77) who was so handsome that he had to wear a fearful mask into battle so that his enemies would be terrified and his allies would not be distracted.

Some Japanese ‪#‎Movember‬ inspiration! This mask with a bristling moustache and beard was used for a Japanese courtly ritual dance which has survived in Japan since the Heian period (AD 794–1185). This is the mask for Ryō-ō, the Dragon King, a character who appears in a Chinese story from the Northern Qi dynasty (550–577). He was so handsome that he had to wear a fearful mask into battle so that his enemies would be terrified and his allies would not be distracted.



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