Max Jakob Friedländer , Walter Friedlaender

半個世紀前，當代西方美術史的泰斗斐利蘭德博士，曾寫過一本經典名著，《藝術與鑑賞》，他以實際的畫作來討論藝術問題，其中就有關於鑑定、摹本，與偽作等的本質討論.....

Max Jakob Friedländer (July 5, 1867, Berlin - October 11, 1958, Amsterdam) was a German art expert (Kunstwissenschafter) and art historian (Kunsthistoriker).
He did not think of himself as an art historian so much as a connoisseur. He gave priority to a critical reading based on sensitivity rather than on grand artistic and or aesthetic theories. He described it as follows: "If the determination of the authorship of an individual work of art most certainly is not the ultimate and highest task of artistic erudition. Even if it were no path to the goal: nevertheless, without a doubt, it is a school for the eye, since there is no formulation of a question which forces us to penetrate so deeply the essence of an individual work as that concerning the identity of the author. The individual work, rightly understood, teaches us what a comprehensive knowledge universal artistic activity is incapable of teaching us." Friedlaender 1944, p. 160.

Literary works

• Meisterwerke der niederländischen Malerei des 15. und 16. Jahrhundert, 1903 ("Masterpieces of Netherlandish painting of the 15th and 16th centuries")
• Von Jan van Eyck bis Bruegel, 1916 ("From Jan van Eyck to Bruegel")
• A. Dürer, 1923
• Die altniederländische Malerei, 1924-37 ("Old Netherlandish painting")
• Echt und unecht, 1929 (Real and unreal)
• Von Kunst und Kennerschaft, 1946 ("On art and connoisseurship") 藝術與鑑賞 梁春生譯 台北:吳氏基金會/遠流
• Essays über die Landschaftsmalerei, 1947 ("Essays on landscape painting")

Literatures

• Friedrich Winkler: Friedländer, Max. In: NDB Bd. 5, S. 455 f.
• Annick Born: Antwerp Mannerism: a fashionable style? in: ExtravagANT. A forgotten chapter of Antwerp painting 1500-1530. Catalogue Maastricht and Antwerp 2005, pp. 10-19.

Columbia Encyclopedia: Friedlaender, Walter (frēd'lĕndər) , 1873–1966, American art historian, b. Germany. Friedlaender pursued a distinguished academic career in Germany until 1934 and afterward taught at New York Univ. His best-known works on 16th- and 17th-century art include Caravaggio Studies (1955), his edition of The Drawings of Nicolas Poussin (3 vol., 1939–55), and Mannerism and Anti-Mannerism in Italian Painting (1957), all basic works in their fields. Friedlaender's David to Delacroix (tr. 1952) is a broad and important survey in the study of 19th-century art. His publications in German include studies on 16th-century architecture at the Vatican (1912) and on Claude Lorrain (1921).